Our example program is a fairly simple transactional application. At this early stage of its development, the application contains no hint that it must be network-aware so the only command line argument that it takes is one that allows us to specify the environment home directory. (Eventually, we will specify things like host names and ports from the command line).
Note that the application performs all writes under the protection of a transaction; however, multiple database operations are not performed per transaction. Consequently, we simplify things a bit by using autocommit for our database writes.
Also, this application is single-threaded. It is possible to write a multi-threaded or multi-process application that performs replication. That said, the concepts described in this book are applicable to both single threaded and multi-threaded applications so nothing is gained by multi-threading this application other than distracting complexity. This manual does, however, identify where care must be taken when performing replication with a non-single threaded application.
Finally, remember that transaction processing is not described in this manual. Rather, see the Berkeley DB Getting Started with Transaction Processing guide for details on that topic.
Our program begins with the usual assortment of include statements.
/* * File: simple_txn.c */ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #ifndef _WIN32 #include <unistd.h> #endif #include <db.h> #ifdef _WIN32 extern int getopt(int, char * const *, const char *); #endif
We then define a few values. One is the size of our cache, which we keep deliberately small for this example, and the other is the name of our database. We also provide a global variable that is the name of our program; this is used for error reporting later on.
#define CACHESIZE (10 * 1024 * 1024) #define DATABASE "quote.db" const char *progname = "ex_rep_gsg_simple";
Then we perform a couple of forward declarations. The first
of these, create_env()
and
env_init()
are used to open
and initialize our environment.
Next we declare
doloop()
, which is the function that we use to
add data to the database and then display its contents. This is
essentially a big do
loop, hence the
function's name.
Finally, we have print_stocks
, which is
used to display a database record once it has been retrieved from the
database.
int create_env(const char *, DB_ENV **); int env_init(DB_ENV *, const char *); int doloop (DB_ENV *); int print_stocks(DB *);
Next we need our usage()
function,
which is fairly trivial at this point:
/* Usage function */ static void usage() { fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s ", progname); fprintf(stderr, "-h home\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
That completed, we can jump into our application's
main()
function. If you are familiar with
DB transactional applications, you will not find any
surprises here. We begin by declaring and initializing the
usual set of variables:
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { extern char *optarg; DB_ENV *dbenv; const char *home; char ch; int ret; dbenv = NULL; ret = 0; home = NULL;
Now we create and configure our environment handle.
We do this with our create_env()
function, which we will
show a little later in this example.
if ((ret = create_env(progname, &dbenv)) != 0) goto err;
Then we parse the command line arguments:
while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "h:")) != EOF) switch (ch) { case 'h': home = optarg; break; case '?': default: usage(); } /* Error check command line. */ if (home == NULL) usage();
Now we can open our environment. We do this with our
env_init()
function which we will describe
a little later in this chapter.
if ((ret = env_init(dbenv, home)) != 0) goto err;
Now that we have opened the environment, we can call our
doloop()
function. This function performs the basic
database interaction. Notice that we have not yet opened any databases. In
a traditional transactional application we would probably open the
databases before calling our our main data processing function.
However, the eventual replicated application will want to handle
database open and close in the main processing loop, so in a nod to what this
application will eventually become we do a slightly unusual thing
here.
if ((ret = doloop(dbenv)) != 0) { dbenv->err(dbenv, ret, "Application failed"); goto err; }
Finally, we provide our application shutdown code. Note, again,
that in a traditional transactional application all databases would
also be closed here. But, again, due to the way this application
will eventually behave, we cause the database close to occur in the
doloop()
function.
err: if (dbenv != NULL) (void)dbenv->close(dbenv, 0); return (ret); }
Having written our main()
function, we now implement the first of our utility
functions that we use to manage our environments.
This function exists only to make our code easier
to manage, and all it does is create an environment
handle for us.
int create_env(const char *progname, DB_ENV **dbenvp) { DB_ENV *dbenv; int ret; if ((ret = db_env_create(&dbenv, 0)) != 0) { fprintf(stderr, "can't create env handle: %s\n", db_strerror(ret)); return (ret); } dbenv->set_errfile(dbenv, stderr); dbenv->set_errpfx(dbenv, progname); *dbenvp = dbenv; return (0); }
Having written the function that initializes an environment handle, we now implement the function that opens the handle. Again, there should be no surprises here for anyone familiar with DB applications. The open flags that we use are those normally used for a transactional application.
int env_init(DB_ENV *dbenv, const char *home) { u_int32_t flags; int ret; (void)dbenv->set_cachesize(dbenv, 0, CACHESIZE, 0); (void)dbenv->set_flags(dbenv, DB_TXN_NOSYNC, 1); flags = DB_CREATE | DB_INIT_LOCK | DB_INIT_LOG | DB_INIT_MPOOL | DB_INIT_TXN | DB_RECOVER; if ((ret = dbenv->open(dbenv, home, flags, 0)) != 0) dbenv->err(dbenv, ret, "can't open environment"); return (ret); }
Having written our main()
function and utility functions, we now implement
our application's
primary data processing function. This
function provides a command prompt at which the
user can enter a stock ticker value and a price for
that value. This information is then entered to the
database.
To display the database, simply enter
return
at the prompt.
To begin, we declare a database pointer,
several DBT
variables, and
the usual assortment of variables used for buffers
and return codes. We also initialize all of this.
#define BUFSIZE 1024 int doloop(DB_ENV *dbenv) { DB *dbp; DBT key, data; char buf[BUFSIZE], *rbuf; int ret; u_int32_t db_flags; dbp = NULL; memset(&key, 0, sizeof(key)); memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); ret = 0;
Next, we begin the loop and we immediately open our database if it has not already been opened. Notice that we specify autocommit when we open the database. In this case, autocommit is important because we will only ever write to our database using it. There is no need for explicit transaction handles and commit/abort code in this application, because we are not combining multiple database operations together under a single transaction.
Autocommit is described in greater detail in the Berkeley DB Getting Started with Transaction Processing guide.
for (;;) { if (dbp == NULL) { if ((ret = db_create(&dbp, dbenv, 0)) != 0) return (ret); db_flags = DB_AUTO_COMMIT | DB_CREATE; if ((ret = dbp->open(dbp, NULL, DATABASE, NULL, DB_BTREE, db_flags, 0)) != 0) { dbenv->err(dbenv, ret, "DB->open"); goto err; } }
Now we implement our command prompt. This is a simple and not
very robust implementation of a command prompt.
If the user enters the keywords exit
or quit
, the loop is exited and the
application ends. If the user enters nothing and instead simply
presses return
, the entire contents of the
database is displayed. We use our
print_stocks()
function to display the
database. (That implementation is shown next in this chapter.)
Notice that very little error checking is performed on the data entered at this prompt. If the user fails to enter at least one space in the value string, a simple help message is printed and the prompt is returned to the user. That is the only error checking performed here. In a real-world application, at a minimum the application would probably check to ensure that the price was in fact an integer or float value. However, in order to keep this example code as simple as possible, we refrain from implementing a thorough user interface.
printf("QUOTESERVER > "); fflush(stdout); if (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin) == NULL) break; if (strtok(&buf[0], " \t\n") == NULL) { switch ((ret = print_stocks(dbp))) { case 0: continue; default: dbp->err(dbp, ret, "Error traversing data"); goto err; } } rbuf = strtok(NULL, " \t\n"); if (rbuf == NULL || rbuf[0] == '\0') { if (strncmp(buf, "exit", 4) == 0 || strncmp(buf, "quit", 4) == 0) break; dbenv->errx(dbenv, "Format: TICKER VALUE"); continue; }
Now we assign data to the DBT
s that
we will use to write the new information to the database.
key.data = buf; key.size = (u_int32_t)strlen(buf); data.data = rbuf; data.size = (u_int32_t)strlen(rbuf);
Having done that, we can write the new information to the
database. Remember that this application uses autocommit,
so no explicit transaction management is required. Also,
the database is not configured for duplicate records, so
the data portion of a record is overwritten if the provided
key already exists in the database. However, in this case
DB returns DB_KEYEXIST
— which
we ignore.
if ((ret = dbp->put(dbp, NULL, &key, &data, 0)) != 0) { dbp->err(dbp, ret, "DB->put"); if (ret != DB_KEYEXIST) goto err; } }
Finally, we close our database before returning from the function.
err: if (dbp != NULL) (void)dbp->close(dbp, DB_NOSYNC); return (ret); }
The print_stocks()
function
simply takes a database handle, opens a cursor, and uses
it to display all the information it finds in a database.
This is trivial cursor operation that should hold
no surprises for you. We simply provide it here for
the sake of completeness.
If you are unfamiliar with basic cursor operations, please see the Getting Started with Berkeley DB guide.
/* Displays all stock quote information in the database. */ int print_stocks(DB *dbp) { DBC *dbc; DBT key, data; #define MAXKEYSIZE 10 #define MAXDATASIZE 20 char keybuf[MAXKEYSIZE + 1], databuf[MAXDATASIZE + 1]; int ret, t_ret; u_int32_t keysize, datasize; if ((ret = dbp->cursor(dbp, NULL, &dbc, 0)) != 0) { dbp->err(dbp, ret, "can't open cursor"); return (ret); } memset(&key, 0, sizeof(key)); memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data)); printf("\tSymbol\tPrice\n"); printf("\t======\t=====\n"); for (ret = dbc->get(dbc, &key, &data, DB_FIRST); ret == 0; ret = dbc->get(dbc, &key, &data, DB_NEXT)) { keysize = key.size > MAXKEYSIZE ? MAXKEYSIZE : key.size; memcpy(keybuf, key.data, keysize); keybuf[keysize] = '\0'; datasize = data.size >= MAXDATASIZE ? MAXDATASIZE : data.size; memcpy(databuf, data.data, datasize); databuf[datasize] = '\0'; printf("\t%s\t%s\n", keybuf, databuf); } printf("\n"); fflush(stdout); if ((t_ret = dbc->close(dbc)) != 0 && ret == 0) ret = t_ret; switch (ret) { case 0: case DB_NOTFOUND: return (0); default: return (ret); } }